The 2009–10 Sheffield Shield marked the 118th edition of the first-class competition in Australia. Six teams competed across a double round-robin format, playing 30 matches before the decider. The top two sides at the conclusion of the regular season advanced to the final, which took place at the home ground of the higher-ranked team.
Victoria claimed the title, securing their 28th championship victory. In the final held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground from 17 to 21 March 2010, the Victorian side defeated the Queensland Bulls by 459 runs. While rain caused some delays during the match, the result remained decisive.
Individual performances stood out throughout the season. Queensland's Ben Cutting led the bowling charts, taking 46 wickets during his campaign. With the bat, David Hussey tallied the most runs for the tournament, finishing with a total of 970 for Victoria.
Chris Hartley earned recognition as the player of the series for his contributions to the Queensland side. The season included a scheduled break to accommodate the KFC Twenty20 Big Bash competition, which interrupted the flow of the first-class fixtures.
| Team | Pts | Pld | W | D | L | For | Against | Quo | ||
| Victoria | 41 | 10 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 141 | 5245 | 164 | 5148 | 1.19 |
| Queensland | 32 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 159 | 4801 | 154 | 4647 | 1.00 |
| New South Wales | 26 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 126 | 5620 | 159 | 5096 | 1.39 |
| Western Australia | 20 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 160 | 5011 | 152 | 4836 | 0.98 |
| Tasmania | 17 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 168 | 4819 | 136 | 5390 | 0.74 |
| South Australia | 16 | 10 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 142 | 4852 | 131 | 5331 | 0.84 |
Squad lists and statistics via Wikipedia